A proposal:
Implementation Guide for Mobile Integrated Healthcare
and Community
Paramedics in Virginia
Prepared by:
Alan Perry
7/21/2018
Introduction
& history
Mobile
Integrated healthcare (MIH) and Community Paramedicine (CP) have been around
for a long time. They were first conceived to serve rural populations with
limited healthcare resources. With the introduction of the Affordable Care Act
(ACA) the healthcare system in the United States was transformed by the new
emphasis on patient experience, outcomes and reduce costs. The ACA promoted the
development of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO’s) which consisted of
collaborations across the healthcare system to achieve the results required and
the financial incentives. Simultaneously Emergency Medical Service (EMS)
systems have experienced explosive growth in call volumes and a general decline
in call acuity due to the shift of Primary Care Providers (PCP’s) away from
private practice to Emergency Rooms (ER’s) and freestanding clinics in response
to increased insurance and operating costs. The gap left in the healthcare
system fell largely on EMS which now routinely fields calls for minor ailments
and exacerbations of disease processes that would have been handled by the PCP.
The situation EMS systems now find themselves in is complicated, and once again
we will adapt and bring our resources to bear to address the health of the
community in this new environment.
The goal of
any MIH or CP program must be in line with the Institute for Healthcare
Innovation’s (IHI) triple aim of improving outcomes, reducing costs and
improving the healthcare experience for the community it serves. With these
general principals the system will work collaboratively with the stakeholders
to do what it can to achieve those goals. Patients are the highest priority in
any program, you must always do what is best for them through intervention,
education, navigation and collaboration with other resources. We have reached a
point in the evolution of healthcare that we realize our patients need
solutions, not just a ride to the ER. Providers are the backbone of EMS, they
are intelligent and capable individuals, that understand the system they currently
work in is broken. Empowering these individuals to identify and help connect
their patient to resources that will solve their problems long-term, will give
them ownership, pride, and an opportunity for professional growth. The EMS system
can be directly involved in improving the quality of life and overall health of
the entire community while providing services that produce meaningful positive
long-term outcomes. By connecting the community with more appropriate resources
the system will be less stressed and better able to meet day-to-day demand with
its current resources and improve recruitment and retention rates.
The responsibility for developing these programs in Virginia is defined in the Code of Virginia 32.1-111.3 as the Board of Health, however neither the Board or the State Legislature have taken any action to address this need. This code also specifies that EMS will transport to Hospitals and "emergency care facilities", seemingly limiting the ability of an EMS system to offer alternative destinations.The development of new programs such as MIH and CP are broadly covered in the The Virginia Office of EMS (VAOEMS) Strategic Plan 2017-2019, in section 4.3.4. but no guidance is provided. The VAOEMS recommends that systems wishing to pursue MIH and CP programs submit an application for a Home Healthcare Licence describing the services to be offered to determine if a Home Healthcare License will be required.
Where to
start
There is no
one MIH or CP program that will work for every community, there is too much
diversity in our region to come up with a “one size fits all” program. You must
make a list of other stakeholders involved in the healthcare of the community
including Hospital Systems, Public Health, Public Safety, Mental Health, Social
Services, Home Healthcare, Transport Services, Physicians, Insurers, and anyone
else with a vested interest in your activity. This step is vital to achieving
cooperation and participation in the process. Your success may be limited or
even thwarted if you fail to do this. Look at your data, assure that it is
valid, and if so, what can it tell you about care gaps and opportunities for
your organization, improved public health and costs reduction. A logical
approach would be to schedule individual meetings, or small groups, to iron out
the general parameters and goals of the program. Bring them together and take
an inventory of your regional system assets, and what challenges you may be
facing that a MIH or CP program might be able to address.
Discussion
with stakeholders
The process
of identifying and gaining support among the stakeholders in a MIH or CP
program will take some time, perhaps more than a year depending on the level of
interest and marketing of the general idea. Your internal stakeholders; City Manager, OMD, EMS Chief, City attorney, Providers, will be the
easiest to draw in. The external stakeholders; Hospitals, Physician groups,
Home health agencies, Transport, Public health, Social Services, Shelters, and assisted
living facilities will be more difficult. You will need to develop contacts
within each group that are willing to participate and have authority to make
decisions for their respective organizations. You will want to create a limited number of concise talking points to help keep the message consistent and on point. Meeting in smaller like-minded
groups will produce more discussion eventually evolving into a core council or
board that will remain in an advisory role once your program is up and running.
Keep your contact list current and communicate often enough to maintain interest
and awareness.
Defining the
scope and goals of the program
After
sifting through the potential projects, you will need to decide which ones to pursue
based on a simple formula categorizing and scoring each one based on value and
your ability to successfully accomplish the goal. This should produce an
outcome that differentiates between the can-do verses should do, and is
preferential to bridging care gaps verses filling gaps with new services. This is a decision you
will need to make with your internal stakeholders since they will all be
responsible for supporting the decisions and sharing in the consequences. Share
your plan with the full stakeholder group for by-in and minor tweaks prior to
implementation. Based on what is known about this region an obtainable and
realistic program would likely be healthcare navigation accessed by referrals
from providers and external stakeholders. It will be simple, of limited scope
and demonstrated on a small control group before implemented system wide.
Organization
Preparation
Any new
program will require thoughtful development of policy and
protocols to standardize and define the parameters of the program. These will describe
in detail the selection, training and expectations of providers, which patients
will be eligible for the program, how they will be enrolled and graduate from the program,what data
points will be collected before, during and after graduation from the program, and how the program will be marketed to participants, providers and stakeholders.
The training division will develop a training program, and perhaps
internships with stakeholders, to educate providers in healthcare system
navigation, documentation and patient coaching techniques. A coordinated public education program that integrates program offerings and goals into existing education and marketing efforts will help stimulate interest in MIH programs and bolster the organization's perceived value to the community.
Program
Development
The scope of
the program may include clinical services, transportation alternatives and healthcare
navigation. It may be a single service or combination of services once fully
developed. In the beginning you will want to keep a narrow focus and only
consider expansion when you are capable and there is proven benefit. The easiest
service to provide is healthcare navigation, it will only require that your
provider be able to identify what resources will benefit the patient and
facilitate the connection to that resource. An important concept here is that providers should have and expanded role in community healthcare verses and an expanded scope of practice. As the program matures it could
take on transportation to alternative destinations such as behavioral health
clinics, substance abuse centers, or merely arrange transportation to clinics
and urgent care centers. In maturity, and after building on successful
collaborations with other stakeholders, services may include community
paramedic interaction and intervention with patients suffering from chronic
conditions such as CHF or Diabetes to prevent unnecessary re-admissions.
Program
launch
After you
have developed your program, have all the requisite support systems in place,
and have the support of your stakeholders, you can launch your program. Keep it
small, limited in scope, and document every detail. Adjustments will be
required, with every obstacle encountered you must communicate with the team,
work out a resolution, and ultimately do what is best for the patient. Share
the experience with all your stakeholders so everyone will be satisfied with
the transparency and level of communication in your process. In this way you
will create trust and build upon each experience to develop a program everyone
is happy with and which meets the goal of improved patient satisfaction,
reduced cost and better outcomes.
Quality
Improvement (QI) & Quality assurance (QA)
With the
transition to an outcome-based healthcare system QA & QI programs have
never been more important. The fact that a MIH/CP program is something
completely new to this region will make accurate collection of data and patient
outcomes that much more important. If your data is not solid now, it probably
won’t be when your program get up and running, and/or you will have based your
program design on data that is flawed. This would be a great time to look at
the consistency and quality of the data your system is generating now. Good
data will be critical to identifying what your community needs are now and in the future. Once your
program is in place that data will be used as a benchmark for your programs impact
on community health. Data will also guide your decision to expand the program or create new alternatives.
Cost
recovery
A successful program will generate savings for your stakeholders, operational benefits for your organization, greater job satisfaction for your providers, and improve the general health of your community. Insurers, Medicare & Medicaid are beginning to recognize and pay for the types of services described here. You may be able to get start-up funding from your stake-holders if your plan is sound. Every dollar
recovered can help fund equipment, supplies, training, support services, and
resources for your community. Its money the community has already paid-in
through taxes and insurance premiums which they have every right to permit the system to
recover. Cost recovery has been advocated for across the country in both career
and volunteer systems for these very reasons. The act of not using cost
recovery is, in effect, throwing away the community’s taxes and insurance
premiums and giving them back to insurance companies and the government at the
expense of the local EMS system. It takes a certain amount of fortitude to
confront and educate the public, but the logic of the argument is sound and must be made unless you have a plan to fund your system as an essential public service like Police & Fire strictly through local taxes.
Conclusion
This evolution of EMS will bring it into the broader healthcare system, improve
the quality of life within the community, reduce the cost of healthcare within the
community, and improve patient outcomes while bringing EMS providers to a place where
they will have greater influence and ownership in the healthcare
system. Mobile Integrated Healthcare and Community Paramedicine are here to
stay, we can take the necessary steps to implement a model for that in Virginia, or we can wait for it to be pushed on us without our input. You choose.
